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Bragança, Portugal
Bragança ((:bɾɐˈɣɐ̃sɐ), , (英語:Braganza)) is a city and municipality in north-eastern Portugal, capital of district of Bragança, in Alto Trás-os-Montes subregion of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 35,341,〔(Instituto Nacional de Estatística )〕 in an area of 1173.57 km².〔(Direção-Geral do Território )〕
==History==
Archeological evidence permits a determination of human settlement in this region to the Paleolithic. During the Neolithic there was a growth of productive human settlements which concentrated on planting and domestication of animals, with the beginnings of a nascent religion. There are many vestiges of these ancient communities, including ceramics, agricultural implements, weights, arrowheads and modest jewelry, all forged from rock.〔 Many of these artefacts were found in funerary mounds, such as the tumulus of Donai (mostly destroyed). There are many signs of megalthic constructions dotted throughout the region.〔 It is believed that the larger proto-historic communities developed in Terra Fria, probably in the final part of the Bronze Age (1000-700 BC). During this period, the Castro culture of fortified urban structures resulted in walled settlements, situated in elevated areas with a panoramic view, for defense. These communities were essentially survived on subsistence agriculture.〔
Roman colonization, which occurred late in the Roman era, resulted in the establishment of private property and movement away from the forests, in addition to organizational changes resulting administrative, material and cultural evolution. Remnants of the Luso-Roman castro societies are evident in Castro of Sacóias and the Castro of Avelãs.〔 In these excavations, modern archaeologists have discovered funerary remains, coins and implements. The Castro of Avelãs (about three kilometres from Bragança) was an important centre on the military road to Astorga, although there are many examples (in Alfaião, Aveleda, Carrazedo, Castro de Avelãs, Donai, França, Gostei, Meixedo, Pinela, Quintela Lampaças, etc.) of the Roman presence. The area was dominated by two ethnic communities: the ''Zoelae'', with their seat in Castro de Avelãs, and a Lusitanian civitas under the stewardship of the ''Baniense'' in the southern part of the district.〔〔Joaquim de Santa Rosa de Viterbo (1716), p.188〕 A Latin map, ''Atlas de Gotha'' by Justus Perthes, mentioned three settlements within this region: Aquae Flaviae (Chaves), Veniatia (Vinhais) and Zoelae (its seat in Zoelas, today Castro de Avelãs)〔〔The best reference to the existence of the Zoelae come from a stone discovered near the main altar of the Church of Castro de Avelã, with the inscription ''"Zolae Populi Hispaniae Terraconensis in ora Asturum, quorum Urbs Zoela"'', which may have been moved to the church, rather than inscribed after its placement (Viterbo, 1716, p.188).〕 without mentioning any reference to a name similar to Bragança.〔 During Roman colonization, it was part of Gallaecia and dependent administratively on Astorga, on the Atlantic axis of a Roman highway from Meseta, that controlled the gold, iron and silver trade.〔 The references to a settlement with the name similar to ''Bragança'' occurred in the acts of Council Lugo (569 AD) regarding the ''Vergancia''. A similar reference by Wamba (666 BC) referred to ''Bregancia'', and where, supposedly two Christian martyrs (John and Paul) were born.〔Joaquim de Santa Rosa de Viterbo (1716), p.189〕
Records during the proto-Germanic Suebic Kingdom and Visigothic rule are rare, but tend to presuppose an advancement of rural agrarian and pastoral communities during their occupation. Toponomic references such as Gimonde, Guadramil and Samil are the few remains from this period.〔
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